Ancient Neo-Assyrian Writing Boards Reveal Similarities to Greek and Roman Practices

A new study has revealed how Neo-Assyrian writing boards were made, offering the earliest known example of cuneiform writing on wax. These ancient boards, uncovered in the ruins of Nimrud in present-day Iraq, date back to the 7th century BCE. The writing boards not only provide insight into Assyrian scribal practices but also highlight early techniques that show surprising similarities to later Greek and Roman writing practices.

The study, published in the Journal of Archaeological Science, confirms that these tablets contained writing carved into a wax surface. The wax-coated tablets had been preserved under unusual conditions—thrown into a well during the violent sack of the city in 612 BCE. The damp, oxygen-free environment helped prevent decay, allowing the materials to survive for millennia.

Advanced testing confirms beeswax and pigment formula

A team of researchers from the British Museum, led by Diego Tamburini, recently examined the tablet fragments using advanced scientific techniques. Tools such as infrared spectroscopy, chemical analysis, and electron microscopy allowed the team to identify the materials with high precision.

Their findings confirmed earlier studies, showing that the writing paste was made primarily of beeswax mixed with 25 percent orpiment, a yellow pigment containing arsenic.

This mixture was both practical and purposeful. Orpiment gave the wax a golden color but also made it firmer and less sticky—ideal for engraving detailed cuneiform characters. Researchers believe this simple formula was chosen for its effectiveness. Unlike later wax writing surfaces, there were no signs of added oils or resins.

Orpiment’s surprising role in preservation

Beyond its utility, orpiment may have played another key role. Because arsenic can kill bacteria and fungi, the pigment may have helped preserve the tablets by preventing microbial decay. This built-in protection could explain the wax’s exceptional condition after thousands of years.

In some cases, traces of charred plant material were found, pointing to the use of carbon-based black pigments. These may have been used to create darker writing surfaces, a practice later seen in Greek and Roman cultures.

Further analysis showed that the wooden tablets were made from walnut, a tree native to the region. This suggests that the Assyrians used local materials rather than relying on imports, despite their far-reaching trade networks. The ivory tablets, larger and more finely crafted, were likely reserved for elite or ceremonial use.

Researchers say the findings offer a rare look at the materials and methods of Assyrian scribes and open new possibilities for comparisons with writing tablets from other ancient cultures. Future studies could explore similar artifacts from Egypt or Anatolia, potentially revealing deeper cultural links across the ancient world.