The Unknown Side of Greek Philosopher Socrates as a Soldier in Battle

Socrates, renowned for being one of the greatest philosophers of all time, was also distinguished by his remarkable service as warrior. While we often associate philosophers with mere contemplation, Socrates demonstrated that true virtue is proven through action before words, by embodying principles in deeds rather than just discourse.

His participation in the Battle of Potidaea during the Peloponnesian War is notably recorded by the ancient Greek philosopher Plato and the Greek historian Xenophon. Socrates demonstrated extraordinary resilience during this campaign, enduring harsh conditions and remaining steadfast under siege. His composure under adversity was as much a reflection of his philosophical endurance as his physical fortitude. It was during this campaign that he saved the life of Alcibiades.

Socrates saves the life of Alcibiades in battle

Alcibiades was his younger companion and student, who later played a significant role in Athenian politics. Plato recounts that Socrates carried the wounded Alcibiades out of danger, highlighting his bravery and loyalty. Plato writes:

“He saved my life in battle, and even then he did not desert me, but rescued me, taking me and my arms to safety. No one but he saved me, and, in this, he acted with a bravery unmatched by anyone.” Xenophon also remarks: “He endured hunger and cold with remarkable perseverance, and no man could be more moderate in his desires or more resolute in bearing hardships.”

Plato vividly describes Socrates’ resilience in war, noting his remarkable endurance and simplicity. In the Symposium, Alcibiades recounts how Socrates marched barefoot through the harshest conditions. He was indifferent to cold or discomfort, while others struggled despite their equipment. Even in extreme cold, Socrates wore the same thin cloak year-round, surpassing his fellow soldiers in both physical endurance and moral fortitude. This portrayal emphasizes Socrates’ ascetic lifestyle and inner strength. It reflects his belief that true resilience and virtue stem from the soul rather than external possessions.

Socrates and Alcibiades: A complex relationship

The relationship between Socrates and Alcibiades extended beyond the battlefield. Plato’s Symposium portrays Alcibiades as deeply admiring Socrates for both his wisdom and valor. Despite Alcibiades’ later political volatility, Socrates remained a steadfast figure in his early life, guiding him through philosophical discourse. Their bond was emblematic of Socrates’ broader commitment to guiding the moral character of Athenian youth. This however, later became a point of controversy during his trial. Xenophon emphasizes that Socrates sought to nurture Alcibiades’ virtue rather than exploit his ambition, underscoring the warrior philosopher’s ethical intentions. Alcibiades states in Plato’s Symposium:

“I desired him to gratify me, and I thought that if I gratified him, I should learn from him all the wisdom of his deep mind. So I tried every means of temptation, but in vain. Socrates regarded me as nobody, and I was at my wit’s end.”

Later campaigns: Delium and Amphipolis

Socrates’ military service did not end at Potidaea. He fought at the Battle of Delium (424 BCE), where his composure under pressure was again noteworthy. Xenophon recounts how Socrates, amidst the chaos of retreat, maintained discipline and protected fellow soldiers. He deterred enemy pursuit through sheer presence. Plato describes Socrates’ bravery at Delium:

“When our army was retreating in disorder, he and Laches retreated together. I happened to be observing him at the time, and I must say that he struck me as extraordinary. He walked calmly, keeping an alert gaze, and whoever saw him would realize that it was safer to approach him than to attack him.” Similarly, Xenophon notes:”He marched along with dignity, not quickening his pace nor allowing panic to seize him; his very demeanor dissuaded the enemy from engaging him directly.” There are also references to his presence at the Battle of Amphipolis (422 BCE), though details remain less clear. Some scholars suggest that his participation there was less documented but consistent with his prior service.

The philosopher in armor: Legacy of Socrates’ martial virtue

Socrates’ military service was integral to his philosophical identity as a philosopher-warrior. His actions on the battlefield embodied his teachings on courage, self-control, and virtue. By facing danger without fear, Socrates exemplified the ideal of the philosopher as a seeker of truth not just in words but in deeds. In fact in his Apology, he openly states that if he only philosophised and did not participate in his country’s wars, the accusations against him would hold water.

His martial exploits added a pragmatic dimension to his philosophy, showing that ethical principles could withstand even the gravest of circumstances. Plato and Xenophon, both his students, consistently highlighted these aspects to defend Socrates against accusations of corrupting youth and impiety. As Plato reflects in the Apology:

“I was stationed, like others, where my commanders placed me, whether at Potidaea, Amphipolis, or Delium; and when danger was imminent, I stood my ground like anyone else, and perhaps more than others.”